The present study investigated the speaking module of TOEFL iBT with an emphasis on the dichotomy of independent and integrated tasks. The potential differences between the two speaking conditions were intended to be explored based on the oral performance elicited from a group of Iranian test takers. To collect the required data, a simulated…

While the use of digital technologies is increasingly prominent in higher education, research suggests that adult English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) learners within the English Further Education (FE) sector have fewer opportunities to access them as part of their language learning. This paper explores whether the use of authentic…