Based on the assumptions of cognitive load theory, this study aims to utilize the eye movement data collected from multiple experts to scaffold novice graphic designers. The study has two main stages. In the first stage, eye tracking was used to record the eye movements of 7 experts, who covered eight topics explaining how to use Photoshop. The…

Despite the efforts of instructional design (ID) to solve real-life problems, it remains challenging to adapt and be flexible in such situations. In particular, problems that require simultaneous knowledge of multiple domains and contexts are more challenging to solve because real-life problems do not reconstruct the learned experience. This is…

The goal of this article is to propose a framework for understanding the nature of "how people construct problems" by interacting with situations and subsequently to offer implications for instructional design and future research. We propose that people must interactively frame the components of a situation in order to establish the…

This study is focusing on synthesizing the theoretical and designing framework of constructivist gamification environment models to enhance ill-structured problem solving in learning science. The research model used is based on model development (phase 1) proposed by Richey & Klein. This research consists of two phases as follow: (1) to…

Collaborative engagement is a quality that contributes successful learning by examining social interactions among students. In natural contexts, online collaborative learning is an evolving process that is subject to fluctuation in how students engage in social interactions. However, few studies have explored the interplay and intertwining of…

To help young students succeed in problem-based learning (PBL), researchers suggested investigating students' need for cognition (NFC), one's inclination to exert mental effort during learning. How one puts mental effort into a learning task is related to motivation. If motivated, students are more likely to engage in challenging tasks, put in…

Synchrony, or the timing of information as it is exchanged between participants, has garnered increasing study in online learning. Within this domain is bichronous online learning (BOL), the blending of asynchronous and synchronous elements within one learning environment. Some research has identified mobile instant messaging as quasi-synchronous…

Collaboration scripts are widely employed in online collaborative learning to enhance student engagement and facilitate collaboration. However, the optimal level of scripting remains a subject of debate. This study aims to address this issue by designing and developing different types of collaborative scripts implemented through conversational…

How does conceptual structure of external representations contribute to learning? This investigation considered the influence of generative concept sorting and of external structure information moderated by perceived difficulty. In Study 1, undergraduate students completed a perceived difficulty survey and comprehension pretest, then a sorting…

A relatively new technology being used to deliver academic lessons is immersive virtual reality (IVR). This study examined whether IVR is a more effective instructional medium than other multimedia, such as a video on a computer monitor. Additionally, this study explored the underlying affective and cognitive mechanisms of learning in an immersive…

Previous studies have provided various reviews with either general or specific scopes to understand virtual reality (VR) technologies for learning and teaching. However, a review of the networking structure among VR-supported education research from a citation-based perspective has not as yet been provided. With the inclusion of a total of 49…

The empirical evidence concerning the question whether an instructor should be presented on online lecture slides is equivocal and two lines of theoretical reasoning exist. On the one hand, the instructor may distract from the content, thereby hampering learning; on the other hand, the instructor may function as a social cue that triggers a more…

This paper reports on a study aiming at examining whether online argumentation enhance the teacher candidates' scientific habits of mind (SHOM). The study was carried out as a pre-experimental design including pre and post-test. Scientific Habits of Mind scale, interviews and written arguments were used as data collection tools. Google Classroom,…

Classroom response systems (i.e., clickers) have become increasingly popular to facilitate student learning. Unfortunately, the common practice of pausing a lecture to ask questions takes up precious time to cover content. Asking questions "on the fly" without pausing is a possible solution. But can students both attend to lecture and…

Digital game-based learning (DGBL) has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance students' learning effectiveness. Concept mapping, recognized as a valuable tool for knowledge construction, has been widely implemented in educational settings. However, research indicates challenges when integrating concept maps into games, particularly when the…