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Kane, Michael T. – ETS Research Report Series, 2017
By aggregating residual gain scores (the differences between each student's current score and a predicted score based on prior performance) for a school or a teacher, value-added models (VAMs) can be used to generate estimates of school or teacher effects. It is known that random errors in the prior scores will introduce bias into predictions of…
Descriptors: Error of Measurement, Value Added Models, Scores, Teacher Effectiveness
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Liu, Yuming; Robin, Frédéric; Yoo, Hanwook; Manna, Venessa – ETS Research Report Series, 2018
The "GRE"® Psychology test is an achievement test that measures core knowledge in 12 content domains that represent the courses commonly offered at the undergraduate level. Currently, a total score and 2 subscores, experimental and social, are reported to test takers as well as graduate institutions. However, the American Psychological…
Descriptors: College Entrance Examinations, Graduate Study, Psychological Testing, Scores