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Download full textPaul T. von Hippel – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2023
Longitudinal studies can produce biased estimates of learning if children miss tests. In an application to summer learning, we illustrate how missing test scores can create an illusion of large summer learning gaps when true gaps are close to zero. We demonstrate two methods that reduce bias by exploiting the correlations between missing and…
Descriptors: Testing Problems, Scores, Educational Research, Longitudinal Studies
