Following psychologist Langer's theory, this study aimed to examine the influence of conditional tasks containing inherent uncertainty on the cultivation of mindfulness. It used preceding research to develop conditional mathematics tasks corresponding to integers and rational numbers, within a 10-lesson curriculum. It divided a total of 182 middle…

Anxiety-driven counterfactual thinking can be a slippery slope. Building on the premise that both positive and negative emotions can impact creativity, the present study examines how trait anxiety, optimism, and other mental health factors like therapy experience shape outputs in divergent thinking (DT) tasks. Using an online sample (N = 647), the…

Cognitive load occurs when the demands of a task surpass the available processing capacity, straining mental resources and potentially impairing performance efficiency, such as increasing the number of errors in a task. Owing to its ubiquity in real-world scenarios, the existence of offloading strategies to reduce cognitive load is not new to…

Empathy deficits in autism, particularly cognitive empathy, have been a long-held, but much debated assumption. An alternative perspective challenging this deficit model is the 'double empathy problem', proposing that empathy difficulties are bidirectional between autistic and non-autistic people. Despite this view gaining popularity, there has…

This study examines how task instruction and task appraisals predict engagement and disaffection in classroom moments. We assessed 2,560 momentary survey responses from 124 Finnish 7th grade students using a within-person analytical approach. The results showed that students were more engaged during active instruction and when they had choice in…

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the causal connectivity of the statements ("low-medium-high"), elaboration question condition ("focused on the identification of main ideas-focused on the identification of speakers' emotions") and the modality of presentation of discourse ("oral-written") in the…

We conducted two experiments to determine how the combination of task relevance, loss framing, and psychological distance affects changes in construal level, emotion intensity, and purchase intent. Experiment 1 investigated how construal level fit between the loss and proximal frames affected emotion intensity and purchase intention for skin…

Students' emotions (e.g., enjoyment, boredom) while doing math and their situational interest in mathematics are important for their learning of mathematics, but examinations of teachers' judgments of students' emotions and interest while solving tasks are rare. Moreover, we do not know much about the predictors of teachers' judgments of students'…

The study investigated interactions between learner expertise and task complexity evaluated from both cognitive and affective perspectives. One hundred and seventy-three students, both novices and advanced learners, were asked to learn Japanese writing in a pen-tablet-based digital learning environment with varying task complexity levels.…

Considering the mixed nature of reports of flexibility difficulties in autism, we hypothesized that a task that more closely resembles the challenges faced in real life would help to assess these difficulties. Autistic and typically developing adults performed an online Emotional Shifting Task, involving non-explicit unpredictable shifts of…

Although research on boredom in second language (L2) learning contexts has garnered increasing attention, boredom as a negative emotion remains largely uncharted in EFL settings. Previous research has not thoroughly delved into specific categories of factors responsible for boredom in the English language classroom. Therefore, this study explores…

Why can some people generate outstanding creative ideas despite receiving frustrating feedback? Although previous studies highlighted the effects of emotional states on creativity, the interactions between specific psychophysiological emotional parameters or affective states and response inhibition (RI) on creativity remain elusive. Therefore,…

Background: Recent research has demonstrated the potential of mobile-assisted learning to enhance learners' learning outcomes. In contrast, the learning processes in this regard are much less explored using eye tracking technology. Objective: This systematic review study aims to synthesise the relevant work to reflect the current state of eye…

Previous research suggests people struggle to detect a series of movements that might imply hostile intentions of a vessel, yet this ability is crucial in many real world Naval scenarios. To investigate possible mechanisms for improving performance, participants engaged in a simple, simulated ship movement task. One of two hostile behaviors were…

This study examined how music major and non-music major participants' performances and emotional expressions differed when exposed to background music of varying tempi while completing a reading comprehension task. Two questions were addressed: (1) What effect does background music of varying tempi have on the performance of music and non-music…