Measures assessing childhood functioning are often developed in high-income countries and need to be adapted for use in low and middle-income countries where the constructs they measure may not be relevant in their original form. This study describes the framework of cross-cultural adaptation of three measures, viz. Vineland Adaptive Behavior…

Inasmuch as the fact that writing is a cognitively demanding task and as a step toward overcoming some of the barriers English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners face during writing performance, this study attempted to investigate Iranian EFL learners' perceptions toward the most common writing difficulties. To this end, 120 Iranian EFL learners…

This article studies students' use of sentence variety in an ESL writing course. The study includes three sentence features: (a) sentence types, (b) sentence combining, and (c) sentence patterns. Although sentence variety is part of the curriculum, the actual use of sentence structures has not been measured so far. By understanding students' use…