People view many attributes, including intelligence, through implicit theories (or mindsets). Entity mindsets position the attribute as unchangeable or static, whereas incremental mindsets see the attribute as malleable or capable of being changed/improved (Dweck & Leggett, 1988). The present studies examined a new questionnaire designed to…

The educational significance of eliciting students' implicit theories of intelligence is well established with the majority of this work focussing on theories regarding entity and incremental beliefs. However, a second paradigm exists in the prototypical nature of intelligence for which to view implicit theories. This study purports to instigate…

Network analytic methods that are ubiquitous in other areas, such as systems neuroscience, have recently been used to test network theories in psychology, including intelligence research. The network or mutualism theory of intelligence proposes that the statistical associations among cognitive abilities (e.g., specific abilities such as vocabulary…

The resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) patterns related to co-occurring symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, neurological soft signs and motor problems have not yet been disclosed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this study thirteen adults with ASD and ten matched neurotypical controls underwent PET. The scores of rating…

The authors review several case studies of children engaged in rule-governed play and conclude that the process of learning rules--and of breaking them and making new ones--promotes what they call gamesmanship. They link the development of gamesmanship to the theory of Machiavellian intelligence, which considers social interaction primary in the…

Many researchers have studied the population of individuals with mild mental retardation (MIMR) as if it is a clear entity. Few researchers have investigated potential subtypes within the MIMR population. The purpose of the present study was to investigate which subtypes can be identified on the basis of intellectual, adaptive and behavioral…

This article explores the role of group learning by focusing on how intragroup communication patterns (implicit and explicit) influence learning readiness dimensions (cue recognition, context facility, and cultural intelligence), which in turn influences the group's ability to learn and the type of leaning that occurs. Groups with high levels of…

This review critically examines the research findings which characterize the cognitive, behavioral, and neuroanatomical features of Williams syndrome (WS). This article analyzes 178 published studies in the WS literature covering the following areas: 1) General intelligence, 2) Language skills, 3) Visuospatial and face processing skills, 4)…

This study explored how Taiwanese upper-elementary-school students' motivational characteristics were related to their decisions regarding avoidance of help seeking in the classroom context. Two hundred and ninety-eight sixth-grade students completed a self-report survey assessing their attitudes and behaviors related to help avoidance,…