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Julien, Manuela; van Hout, Roeland; van de Craats, Ineke – Second Language Research, 2016
This article presents the results of experimental data on language production and comprehension. These show that adult learners of Dutch as an additional language, with different language backgrounds, and a L2 proficiency below level A2 (Waystage) of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR; Council of Europe, 2001), use…
Descriptors: Adult Learning, Second Language Learning, Indo European Languages, Language Proficiency
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Hudson Kam, Carla L.; Newport, Elissa L. – Cognitive Psychology, 2009
When natural language input contains grammatical forms that are used probabilistically and inconsistently, learners will sometimes reproduce the inconsistencies; but sometimes they will instead regularize the use of these forms, introducing consistency in the language that was not present in the input. In this paper we ask what produces such…
Descriptors: Form Classes (Languages), Artificial Languages, Adult Learning, Linguistic Input