Unstructured playtime at school, such as recess and afterschool activities, is essential for children's social development but often becomes a setting for bullying. Despite effective bystander programs, research on students' willingness to intervene in these contexts remains limited. This cross-sectional study used mixed methods to investigate the…

Previous studies have supported the important roles of teacher-student relationships in student's learning adaptation, but most of them examined this issue at the between-person level. To date, few studies separated within-person variance from between-person variance to explore the dynamic reciprocal relations between the above two constructs.…

In an era where holistic education is gaining prominence, spiritual intelligence is emerging as a critical yet under-assessed component of students' personal and social development. This study aimed to develop and validate the Spiritual Intelligence Assessment Tool (SIAT) for cross-cultural application in faith-based educational settings across…