With technological advancement, multimodality has received paramount importance in teaching and learning. Different technology-based assistance is available nowadays, and computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is one of them. It uses computer-based tools, materials, resources, and information to assist second language learning. Motivation…

This study explored the pedagogical discourse of experienced Indonesian language teachers (in-service teachers) during the pre-teaching phase, focusing on the communication strategies used when initiating classroom learning activities because initial teacher-student interactions are crucial for shaping engagement and motivation. The qualitative…