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What Does the Law Say?
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Zirkel, Perry A. – TEACHING Exceptional Children, 2009
In this article the author provides legal explanations to the following concerns: (1) Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) and Individualized Education Programs (IEPs); (2) Functional Behavior Assessments (FBAs) and Behavior Intervention Plans (BIPs); (3) Manifestation Determinations under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA);…
Descriptors: Individualized Education Programs, Individualized Programs, Disabilities, Individualized Instruction
Is It Time for Elevating the Standard for FAPE under IDEA?
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Zirkel, Perry A. – Exceptional Children, 2013
This article examines a critical question for the special education community: What should be the current meaning of "free appropriate public education" (FAPE) in light of not only the Supreme Court's landmark "Rowley" decision in 1982 but also developments in the 30 years since then? After synthesizing what the…
Descriptors: Federal Legislation, Educational Legislation, Court Litigation, Disabilities
The Time-Out and Seclusion Continuum: A Systematic Analysis of the Case Law
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Bon, Susan C.; Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2014
During the past two decades, scholars, educators, and special interest organizations, including advocacy groups, have critically examined and debated the ethical and legal use of aversive interventions with individuals with disabilities. These interventions comprise a broad spectrum of behavior management techniques including but not at all…
Descriptors: Timeout, Behavior Problems, Laws, School Law
The "Discrete Trials" of Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism: Outcome-Related Factors in the Case Law
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Choutka, Claire Maher; Doloughty, Patricia T.; Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Special Education, 2004
This study provides an analysis of case law concerning applied behavior analysis (ABA) for students with autism to determine outcome-related factors. The authors classified the 68 pertinent hearing/review officer and court decisions published in EHLR ("Education for Handicapped Law Report") and IDELR ("Individuals with Disabilities Education Law…
Descriptors: Program Implementation, Disabilities, Individualized Instruction, Individualized Education Programs