Adaptive teaching practices align to students' assets and learning needs, for example, by selecting tasks adaptively so that the next learning goal for a student can be achieved. While digital formative assessment tools have been developed to provide insights into students' assets and learning needs, little is known how formative assessment…

For several decades, digital formative assessment tools and platforms have been promoted as promising for supporting adaptive teaching. For learning goals such as procedural fluency, this promise has been held across a range of subject-matter topics. For conceptual learning goals, however, the available digital formative assessment tools are much…