Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being utilized to develop tools and services in various domains, including education. However, due to the nature of the training data, these models are susceptible to inherent social or cognitive biases, which can influence their outputs. Furthermore, their handling of critical topics, such as privacy…

Broadly defined, academic language (AL) is a set of lexical-grammatical norms and registers commonly used in educational and academic discourse. Mastery of academic language in writing is an important aspect of writing instruction and assessment. The purpose of this study was to use Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools to examine the extent to…