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Why Minimal Guidance during Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching
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Kirschner, Paul A.; Sweller, John; Clark, Richard E. – Educational Psychologist, 2006
Evidence for the superiority of guided instruction is explained in the context of our knowledge of human cognitive architecture, expert-novice differences, and cognitive load. Although unguided or minimally guided instructional approaches are very popular and intuitively appealing, the point is made that these approaches ignore both the structures…
Descriptors: Instructional Design, Teaching Methods, Cognitive Structures, Learning Processes