Publication Date
| In 2026 | 0 |
| Since 2025 | 0 |
| Since 2022 (last 5 years) | 0 |
| Since 2017 (last 10 years) | 0 |
| Since 2007 (last 20 years) | 5 |
Descriptor
| Animals | 6 |
| Responses | 6 |
| Behavioral Science Research | 5 |
| Reinforcement | 5 |
| Food | 4 |
| Animal Behavior | 3 |
| Stimuli | 3 |
| Token Economy | 3 |
| Delay of Gratification | 2 |
| Scheduling | 2 |
| Visual Stimuli | 2 |
| More ▼ | |
Source
| Journal of the Experimental… | 6 |
Author
| Hackenberg, Timothy D. | 6 |
| Bullock, Christopher E. | 2 |
| DeFulio, Anthony | 2 |
| Lagorio, Carla H. | 1 |
| Yankelevitz, Rachelle L. | 1 |
Publication Type
| Journal Articles | 6 |
| Reports - Research | 6 |
Education Level
Audience
Location
Laws, Policies, & Programs
Assessments and Surveys
What Works Clearinghouse Rating
Peer reviewed
Download full text
Direct linkLagorio, Carla H.; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2010
Pigeon and human subjects were given repeated choices between variable and adjusting delays to token reinforcement that titrated in relation to a subject's recent choice patterns. Indifference curves were generated under two different procedures: "immediate exchange," in which a token earned during each trial was exchanged immediately for access…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Psychological Patterns, Animals, Behavioral Science Research
Yankelevitz, Rachelle L.; Bullock, Christopher E.; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
Four pigeons were exposed to a token-reinforcement procedure with stimulus lights serving as tokens. Responses on one key (the token-production key) produced tokens that could be exchanged for food during an exchange period. Exchange periods could be produced by satisfying a ratio requirement on a second key (the exchange-production key). The…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Token Economy, Animals, Animal Behavior
Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2009
Token reinforcement procedures and concepts are reviewed and discussed in relation to general principles of behavior. The paper is divided into four main parts. Part I reviews and discusses previous research on token systems in relation to common behavioral functions--reinforcement, temporal organization, antecedent stimulus functions, and…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Contingency Management, Token Economy, Behavior Modification
DeFulio, Anthony; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
Pigeons pecked a response key on a variable-interval (VI) schedule, in which responses produced food every 40 s, on average. These VI periods, or components, alternated in irregular fashion with extinction components in which food was unavailable. Pecks on a second (observing) key briefly produced exteroceptive stimuli (houselight flashes)…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Responses, Observation, Time
DeFulio, Anthony; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2007
Two experiments examined pigeons' postponement of a signaled extinction period, or timeout (TO), from an ongoing schedule of response-dependent food delivery. A concurrent-operant procedure was used in which responses on one (food) key produced food according to a variable-interval schedule and responses on a second (postponement) key delayed the…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Timeout, Intervals, Animals
Bullock, Christopher E.; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2006
Four pigeons were exposed to second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were earned according to a fixed-ratio (token-production) schedule, with the opportunity to exchange tokens for food (exchange period) occurring after a fixed number had been produced (exchange-production ratio).…
Descriptors: Token Economy, Reinforcement, Animals, Animal Behavior
