The meta analysis explored how measuring special education student progress toward long-term vs. short-term goals affects achievement outcomes. Results indicated that when progress toward long-term goals was measured, unbiased effect sizes were higher than on probelike outcomes; when progress toward short-term goals was measured, the reverse was…

This article reviews 15 research studies published from 1990 to 2000 examining effects of cooperative learning strategies on the academic achievement of students with learning disabilities. Despite design problems, the review finds that cooperative learning strategies that incorporate individual accountability and group rewards are likely to…

This meta-analysis explored how measuring progress toward long- versus short-term goals relates to contrasting outcome measures of student achievement. Twenty-one controlled studies, that provided sufficient data for the calculation of effect size, were coded in terms of measurement method (toward long- versus short-term goals) and type of…