A professor and an administrator joined forces to provide answers to two basic questions: What is needs assessment, and how does one do it? Discussion of the conceptual framework of needs assessment is based on experiences in the design and implementation of needs assessments in many states at levels ranging from state departments of education to a single classroom. Topics covered include a rationale for needs assessment; internal and external needs assessment; inputs, processes, products, outputs, and outcomes; school system management; and curriculum focus. Procedures based on operational experiences in education and training include how to get started; a general guide to Alpha Needs Assessment; conducting the Beta Needs Assessment; techniques for consensual determination; and needs assessment for project, program, and staff-development, as well as in non-educational contexts. A glossary of related terms is provided. (Author/BBM)