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Direct linkCummins, Jim – Multilingual Matters, 2021
Over the past 40 years, Jim Cummins has proposed a number of highly influential theoretical concepts, including the threshold and interdependence hypotheses and the distinction between conversational fluency and academic language proficiency. In this book, he provides a personal account of how these ideas developed and he examines the credibility…
Descriptors: Multilingualism, Teaching Methods, Linguistic Theory, Language Fluency
Peer reviewedCummins, Jim – NABE: The Journal for the National Association for Bilingual Education, 1981
Identifies four misconceptions about language proficiency which are currently impeding the implementation of effective bilingual education programs. Misconceptions involve: (1) surface structure deviations and academic achievement; (2) surface fluency and "English Proficiency"; (3) bilingual language proficiency and instruction; and (4)…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Cognitive Ability, Elementary Education, English (Second Language)
