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Direct linkCummins, Jim – Multilingual Matters, 2021
Over the past 40 years, Jim Cummins has proposed a number of highly influential theoretical concepts, including the threshold and interdependence hypotheses and the distinction between conversational fluency and academic language proficiency. In this book, he provides a personal account of how these ideas developed and he examines the credibility…
Descriptors: Multilingualism, Teaching Methods, Linguistic Theory, Language Fluency
Download full textCummins, Jim – 1979
The existence of a global language proficiency factor is discussed. This factor, cognitive/academic language proficiency (CALP), is directly related to IQ and to other aspects of academic achievement. It accounts for the bulk of reliable variance in a wide variety of language learning measures. Three propositions concerning CALP are reviewed. (1)…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Age, Bilingual Education, Bilingualism
