Although global access to schooling has increased over the last several decades, Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which champions inclusive, equitable, quality education, is far from being achieved. Experts predict that if the global community continues to operate education systems in the same way, by 2030, only one in six countries will…

Several issues raised in the article by Drash et al. are discussed: the danger that total habilitation could become a dominant goal; the lack of definition of "new technology"; the limited utility of the new term, "total habilitation"; and the lack of criteria for total habilitation. (KM)

Introduces and defines strategic planning in organizational training, describes four current schools of curriculum theory--subject-centered, experience-centered, objectives-centered, and opportunity-centered--and illustrates how each theory can be modified to make training anticipate as well as react to organizational needs. (MBR)

This paper considers preliminary issues in the development of quality educational outcome indicators for students with disabilities within the context of current changes in general education and a conceptual model of important educational outcomes and indicators for all children. The approach and development process of the National Center on…

This response to Drash et al. discusses these issues: the historical context of total habilitation of the retarded; the need for a clear conceptualization of intelligence and social adaptation; and the obstacles of society, the profession, attitudes, and the human service structure to the intensive pedagogic matrix required for total habilitation.…

An analysis of national programs for monitoring student achievement in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States finds that "national assessment" promotes a view of "standards" which is narrow, limiting, and definitely not conducive to the emergence of flexible and imaginative educational policies designed to cope…

Offers a conceptual/theoretical model of learners as total systems representing four learner system types: reactive, preactive, proactive, and spiralling. Motivation, behavioral manifestations, predominant learning strategies, and successful learning environments of these learner types are discussed. Instructional development and research…

The original authors address several concerns expressed in four responses to their article: terminology; the need for expert and intensive pedagogy (including early intensive language training); pessimistic attitudes; the need for caution in setting total habilitation as a goal; and a research model. (KM)

Intervention advances in mental retardation have enabled some individuals to function as independent, nonretarded persons. Establishing total habilitation (a term needed to describe this outcome) as a major goal of intervention will promote research and the development of an intervention continuum that includes prevention, total habilitation, and…

A definition of social skills needed by individuals with mental retardation in employment settings is proposed. Three measurement approaches are discussed, involving the perceptions of others in work settings, the social goals and perceptions of the targeted individuals, and the performance of social behaviors in natural contexts. (JDD)

The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical and experiential background for a better approach to the question "What are the learning needs in management training for personnel working at the management level within ministries of education?" The paper reviews the literature on management training for personnel working in…

"Reversibility" is proposed in place of the term "total habilitation." Reversibility is described in terms of the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention/intervention paradigm. A formula based on the paradigm is presented, together with examples of the process applied to sociocultural retardation and Down Syndrome. (KM)

Examines differences between needs assessment (process of determining the gap between what is and what should be) and task analysis (definition and classification of tasks to improve job performance), and discusses the human productivity model NEBEAT (Needs Education and Training Model), which defines competency as synthesis of processes and…

Views on the curability of mental retardation are reviewed. The implication of the view of Drash et al., that current technology makes total habilitation possible for many people, is refuted. Efforts should continue in replication research, follow-up, etc. Setting a goal of total habilitation for an individual should be exercised cautiously. (KM)

An analysis of definitions of multicultural education shows a patterning around three basic descriptors: (1) affective--e.g., awareness, sensitizing; (2) cognition--basic information on cultures; and (3) competencies/skills--social skills and behavioral competencies necessary to function in a pluralistic society. ERIC multicultural documents are…