Contrastive rhetoric theory, an extension of contrastive grammar, holds that the rhetorical predispositions of a student's native language will interfere with attempts to learn the rhetoric of a second language; and that because speakers of different languages think differently, they organize paragraphs differently, a situation which influences…

A survey of 43 intensive English-as-a-Second-Language programs in higher education institutions resulted in a scheme for classifying innovative policies and practices in these categories: curriculum development; personnel; technology; policy and planning; community and campus liaison; faculty development; student placement and evaluation;…