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Peer reviewedGriggs, Richard A.; Ransdell, Sarah E. – Social Studies of Science, 1986
Presents findings of a study of scientists on the Wason four-card selection task, finding little understanding of the effect of disconfirmatory data in assessing conditionals. Found performance influenced by problem content. Explains performance as memory-cueing plus reasoning-by-analogy. (JM)
Descriptors: Convergent Thinking, Critical Thinking, Cues, Information Utilization
Marzano, Robert J.; Norford, Jennifer S.; Paynter, Diane E.; Pickering, Debra J.; Gaddy, Barbara B. – 2001
This handbook is intended to be a self-study guide to the effective use of nine specific instructional strategies proven to improve student achievement. The strategies are: (1) identifying similarities and differences (comparing, classifying, creating metaphors, and creating analogies); (2) summarizing and note taking; (3) reinforcing effort and…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Advance Organizers, Cooperative Learning, Cues
