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Shepard, Lorrie A., Ed.; Smith, Mary Lee, Ed. – 1989
This book on the topic of flunking and grade retention comprises the following articles: (1) "Introduction and Overview" (Lorrie A. Shepard and Mary Lee Smith); (2) "Grade Level Retention Effects: A Meta-Analysis of Research Studies" (C. Thomas Holmes); (3) "Repeating and Dropping Out of School" (James B. Grissom and Lorrie A. Shepard); (4) "A…
Descriptors: Academic Failure, Dropouts, Educational Policy, Elementary Secondary Education
Chafe, Doug – 1984
Reviewing research on grade retention, this paper describes tools and guidelines developed as an aid in retention decisions and examines actual promotion/retention policies and practices. Most research on academic and social effects of grade retention suffers from poor methodology, leaving the conclusions suspect and the results contradictory. The…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Academic Failure, Dropouts, Elementary Secondary Education
