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Direct linkMark Bray; Abdel Rahamane Baba-Moussa – Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2025
This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring -- widely known as shadow education -- in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Tutoring, Supplementary Education, Private Education
Download full textAndré A. Rupp; Laura Pinsonneault – National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment, 2025
State education agencies are sitting on rich repositories of quantitative and qualitative assessment data. This document is designed to provide a conceptual framework and implementation guidance that can help agency leadership leverage and interrogate student performance data in systematic ways for reporting, outreach, and planning purposes. The…
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Educational Assessment, Achievement Tests, College Entrance Examinations
