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Download full textSalmani Nodoushan, Mohammad Ali – Online Submission, 2021
It has been argued in the literature on (language) testing that any act of testing/assessment can impact: (1) educators' curriculum design; (2) teachers' teaching practices; and (3) students' learning behaviors. This quality of any given testing situation or act of assessment has been called washback, or backwash if you will. Washback falls into…
Descriptors: Testing Problems, Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
Peer reviewedTraugott, Elizabeth Closs; And Others – TESOL Quarterly, 1992
Two members and a former member of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) Policy Council respond to Raimes' concerns about the TOEFL Test of Written English, particularly regarding the Educational Testing Service's research agenda and its effect on English-as-a-Second-Language instruction and graduate school admission. (17 references)…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Equal Education, Essays, Graduate Study
