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Register Variation in Spoken and Written Language Use across Technology-Mediated and Non-Technology-Mediated Learning Environments

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Kyle, Kristopher; Eguchi, Masaki; Choe, Ann Tai; LaFlair, Geoff – Language Testing, 2022

In the realm of language proficiency assessments, the domain description inference and the extrapolation inference are key components of a validity argument. Biber et al.'s description of the lexicogrammatical features of the spoken and written registers in the T2K-SWAL corpus has served as support for the TOEFL iBT test's domain description and…

Descriptors: Language Variation, Written Language, Speech Communication, Inferences

Discourse Characteristics of Writing and Speaking Task Types on the "TOEFL iBT"® Test: A Lexico-Grammatical Analysis. "TOEFL iBT"® Research Report. TOEFL iBT-19. Research Report. RR-13-04

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Biber, Douglas; Gray, Bethany – ETS Research Report Series, 2013

One of the major innovations of the "TOEFL iBT"® test is the incorporation of integrated tasks complementing the independent tasks to which examinees respond. In addition, examinees must produce discourse in both modes (speech and writing). The validity argument for the TOEFL iBT includes the claim that examinees vary their discourse in…

Descriptors: Discourse Analysis, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Language Tests