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Download full textVenessa F. Manna; Shuhong Li; Spiros Papageorgiou; Lixiong Gu – ETS Research Report Series, 2025
This technical manual describes the purpose and intended uses of the TOEFL iBT test, its target test-taker population, and relevant language use domains. The test design and scoring procedures are presented first, followed by a research agenda intended to support the interpretation and use of test scores. Given the updates to the test starting…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Language Tests, Test Construction
