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Entel, Olga; Tzelgov, Joseph – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
It was suggested that 2 preconditions promote proactive control: a pending plan to control performance and availability of working memory (WM) storage resources. In 4 experiments, we applied these preconditions to the Stroop task. Using a new approach, we focused on task conflict while manipulating not only the different stimuli proportions, but…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Comparative Analysis, Reaction Time, Color
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Weissman, Daniel H. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Although domain-specificity is prevalent in models of human cognition, its presence is not always easy to verify. For example, according to one prominent model, experiencing conflict from an incongruent distractor in a Stroop-like task triggers an upregulation of domain-specific control that facilitates the resolution of the same, but not a…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Reaction Time, Visual Stimuli
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Hedge, Craig; Powell, Georgina; Bompas, Aline; Sumner, Petroc – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Response control or inhibition is one of the cornerstones of modern cognitive psychology, featuring prominently in theories of executive functioning and impulsive behavior. However, repeated failures to observe correlations between commonly applied tasks have led some theorists to question whether common response conflict processes even exist. A…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Processes, Meta Analysis
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Suh, Jihyun; Bugg, Julie M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Existing approaches in the literature on cognitive control in conflict tasks almost exclusively target the outcome of control (by comparing mean congruency effects) and not the processes that shape control. These approaches are limited in addressing a current theoretical issue--what contribution does learning make to adjustments in cognitive…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Comparative Analysis, Conflict, Learning Processes
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Spinelli, Giacomo; Lupker, Stephen J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
In the Stroop task, congruency effects (i.e., the color-naming latency difference between incongruent stimuli, e.g., the word BLUE written in the color red, and congruent stimuli, e.g., RED in red) are smaller in a list in which incongruent trials are frequent than in a list in which incongruent trials are infrequent. The traditional explanation…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Visual Stimuli, Reaction Time
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Hershman, Ronen; Henik, Avishai – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
It has been suggested that the Stroop task gives rise to 2 conflicts: the information conflict (color vs. word meaning) and the task conflict (name the color vs. read the word). However, behavioral indications for task conflict (reaction time [RT] congruent condition longer than RT neutral condition) appear under very restricted conditions. We…
Descriptors: Reaction Time, Eye Movements, Color, Interference (Learning)
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Kinoshita, Sachiko; Mills, Luke – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
The present study investigated how response mode (oral vs. manual) modulates the Stroop effect using a picture variant of the Stroop task in which participants named orally, or identified with a manual keypress, line drawings of animals (e.g., camel). Consistent with previous color-response Stroop studies, relative to the nonlinguistic neutral…
Descriptors: Phonology, Language Processing, Animals, Color
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Bradford, Elisabeth E. F.; Brunsdon, Victoria E. A.; Ferguson, Heather J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Perspective-taking plays an important role in daily life, allowing consideration of other people's perspectives and viewpoints. This study used a large sample of 265 community-based participants (aged 20-86 years) to examine changes in perspective-taking abilities--a component of "Theory of Mind"--across adulthood, and how these changes…
Descriptors: Perspective Taking, Eye Movements, Error Patterns, Older Adults
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Lin, Olivia Y.-H.; MacLeod, Colin M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Three experiments investigated the learning of simple associations in a color-word contingency task. Participants responded manually to the print colors of 3 words, with each word associated strongly to 1 of the 3 colors and weakly to the other 2 colors. Despite the words being irrelevant, response times to high-contingency stimuli and to…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Learning Processes, Contingency Management, Color
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Robison, Matthew K.; Unsworth, Nash – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Individuals with greater cognitive abilities generally show reduced rates of mind-wandering when completing relatively demanding tasks (Randall, Oswald, & Beier, 2014). However, it is yet unclear whether elevated rates of mind-wandering among low-ability individuals are manifestations of deliberate, intentional episodes of mind-wandering…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Attention Control, Short Term Memory, Task Analysis
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Spinelli, Giacomo; Goldsmith, Samantha F.; Lupker, Stephen J.; Morton, J. Bruce – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
According to some accounts, the bilingual advantage is most pronounced in the domain of executive attention rather than inhibition and should therefore be more easily detected in conflict adaptation paradigms than in simple interference paradigms. We tested this idea using two conflict adaptation paradigms, one that elicits a list-wide…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Executive Function, Attention Control, Interference (Language)
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Crossley, Matthew J.; Maddox, W. Todd; Ashby, F. Gregory – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Interventions for drug abuse and other maladaptive habitual behaviors may yield temporary success but are often fragile and relapse is common. This implies that current interventions do not erase or substantially modify the representations that support the underlying addictive behavior--that is, they do not cause true unlearning. One example of an…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Correlation, Feedback (Response), Intervention
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Grégoire, Laurent; Perruchet, Pierre; Poulin-Charronnat, Bénédicte – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
Most earlier studies investigating the evolution of the Stroop effect with the amount of reading practice have reported data consistent with an inverted U-shaped curve, whereby the Stroop effect appears early during reading acquisition, reaches a peak after 2 or 3 years of practice, and then continuously decreases until adulthood. The downward…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Reading Skills, Ethics
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Anton, Kathryn F.; Gould, Layla; Borowsky, Ron – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
Dual route models of reading suggest there are 2 pathways for reading words: an orthographic-lexical pathway, used to read familiar regular words and exception words, and a grapheme-to-phoneme-conversion-(GPC)-sublexical pathway, used to read unfamiliar regular words, pseudohomophones (PHs), and nonwords. It is unclear, however, whether PHs…
Descriptors: Intention, Semantics, Phonemes, Interference (Learning)
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Piai, Vitória; Roelofs, Ardi; Schriefers, Herbert – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
Disagreement exists regarding the functional locus of semantic interference of distractor words in picture naming. This effect is a cornerstone of modern psycholinguistic models of word production, which assume that it arises in lexical response-selection. However, recent evidence from studies of dual-task performance suggests a locus in…
Descriptors: Semantics, Naming, Task Analysis, Pictorial Stimuli
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