Purpose: The current project aimed to examine the effects of two experimental cognitive-linguistic paradigms, the Stroop task and a primed Stroop task, on speech kinematics and perioral muscle activation. Method: Acoustic, kinematic, and surface electromyographic data were collected from the verbal responses of 30 young adult healthy control…

Unlike with the typically developing population, non-typically developing individuals, especially those with intellectual disabilities, have usually been recommended to learn and use only one language, despite perhaps coming from bilingual families or living in multilingual environments. This common practice, however, is not backed by empirical…