An exploratory study investigated the success of a small group behavior change program in eliminating self-defeating behavior (SDB) in outpatients with chronic mental illness. Four of the six subjects were outpatients at the local mental health center but were currently not exhibiting psychotic behavior. The remaining two subjects were student interns at the mental health center who were working toward master's degrees in social work. The program utilized a variety of methods of behavior change within the vehicle of the small group. All subjects completed the following instruments: (1) Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale; (2) a specific behavior locus of control scale; and (3) an efficacy expectation scale. All subjects attended 8 weekly sessions and participated in 12 activities which were carried out each week. Follow-up scores indicated that the program was partially effective. One subject succeeded in eliminating and replacing her SDB. Three subjects reported some positive change in their SDB's at the 3-week follow-up. One subject reported an increase in frequency of her SDB. Follow-up scores did not necessarily coincide with subsequent behavior. The data of test scores, subject participation, and follow-up were examined qualitatively in the manner of a set of case studies; results were not compared statistically. (One table of data is included and fourteen references are attached. Three appendixes include: Specific Behavior Locus of Control Scale, Efficacy Expectation Scale, and Follow-up Scale on Self-Defeating Behavior Workshop.) (MG)