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Direct linkSandilands, Debra; Oliveri, Maria Elena; Zumbo, Bruno D.; Ercikan, Kadriye – International Journal of Testing, 2013
International large-scale assessments of achievement often have a large degree of differential item functioning (DIF) between countries, which can threaten score equivalence and reduce the validity of inferences based on comparisons of group performances. It is important to understand potential sources of DIF to improve the validity of future…
Descriptors: Validity, Measures (Individuals), International Studies, Foreign Countries
Yuan, Kun; Le, Vi-Nhuan – RAND Corporation, 2014
In 2010, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation's Education Program has established the Deeper Learning Initiative, which focuses on students' development of deeper learning skills (i.e., the mastery of core academic content, critical-thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, communication, and "learn-how-to-learn" skills). Two test…
Descriptors: Test Items, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Skill Development
