State education agencies are sitting on rich repositories of quantitative and qualitative assessment data. This document is designed to provide a conceptual framework and implementation guidance that can help agency leadership leverage and interrogate student performance data in systematic ways for reporting, outreach, and planning purposes. The framework walks through key professional and statistical practices that are valuable to establish at the leadership level before reviewing five key data sources that are generally available at an agency. These include (1) information about the student population, (2) assessment information, (3) accountability information, and (4) information about the conditions of student success. Examples are provided for each source. The framework closes with three illustrative case studies that show how the practices and data sources come together to solve key problems of practice. They focus on the annual public reporting of assessment and accountability results, engaging with school and district leaders for school improvement conversations, and engaging in detailed internal planning to identify key levers for impacting educational practice across the state.