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Direct linkHarrison, Scott; Kroehne, Ulf; Goldhammer, Frank; Lüdtke, Oliver; Robitzsch, Alexander – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2023
Background: Mode effects, the variations in item and scale properties attributed to the mode of test administration (paper vs. computer), have stimulated research around test equivalence and trend estimation in PISA. The PISA assessment framework provides the backbone to the interpretation of the results of the PISA test scores. However, an…
Descriptors: Scoring, Test Items, Difficulty Level, Foreign Countries
