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A Partial Simulation Study of Phantom Effects in Multilevel Analysis of School Effects: The Case of School Socioeconomic Composition
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Zhou, Hao; Ma, Xin – Sociological Methods & Research, 2023
Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is often used to estimate the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement at different levels of an educational system. However, if a prior academic achievement measure is missing in a HLM model, biased estimates may occur on the effects of student SES and school SES. Phantom effects describe…
Descriptors: Simulation, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Socioeconomic Status, Institutional Characteristics