Although self-report surveys are widely used for data collection, data quality can vary across populations because certain groups are more likely to engage in insufficient effort responding (IER). Our study examined how different levels of the educational system--student groups, schools, and cultural contexts--affect data quality due to IER, using…

Background: In the context of international large scale assessments, it is often not feasible to implement a complete survey of all relevant populations. For example, the OECD Program for International Student Assessment surveys both students and schools, but does not obtain information from teachers. In contrast the OECD Teaching and Learning…