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Direct linkKseniia Marcq; Johan Braeken – International Journal of Testing, 2025
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) student questionnaire, despite being designed for low cognitive demand, may induce test burden due to its 306-item length, resulting in increased item nonresponse toward the questionnaire's end. Using the PISA 2018 response data from 80 countries and a cross-classified mixed effects model,…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Foreign Countries, Secondary School Students, International Assessment
Mehmet Karakus; Alisher Tlessov; Anas Hajar; Matthew Courtney – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2024
Recent decades have witnessed a global expansion of private supplementary tutoring, known as shadow education--additional support in academic subjects that takes place outside of regular school hours. Using the data of 55 countries from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022, this study examines the association between…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Secondary School Students, Private Education, Tutoring
