International large-scale assessments provide cross-national data on students' cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics. A critical methodological issue that often arises in comparing data from cross-national studies is ensuring measurement invariance, indicating that the construct under investigation is the same across the compared groups.…

In this study, we take a critical look at the degree to which the measurement of bullying and sense of belonging at school is invariant across groups of students defined by immigrant status. Our study focuses on the invariance of these constructs as measured on a recent PISA administration and includes a discussion of two statistical methods for…

This study investigates the impact of violating the local item independence assumption by loading certain items onto a second dimension on test equating errors in unidimensional and dichotomous tests. The research was designed as a simulation study, using data generated based on the PISA 2018 mathematics exam. Analyses were conducted under 36…