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Direct linkCuellar, Edwin; Partchev, Ivailo; Zwitser, Robert; Bechger, Timo – Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 2021
International large-scale assessment in education aims to compare educational achievement across many countries. Differences between countries in language, culture, and education give rise to differential item functioning (DIF). For many decades, DIF has been regarded as a nuisance and a threat to validity. In this paper, we take a different…
Descriptors: International Assessment, Academic Achievement, Test Bias, Achievement Tests
