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Direct linkMehmet Karakus; Alisher Tlessov; Anas Hajar; Matthew Courtney – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2024
Recent decades have witnessed a global expansion of private supplementary tutoring, known as shadow education--additional support in academic subjects that takes place outside of regular school hours. Using the data of 55 countries from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022, this study examines the association between…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Secondary School Students, Private Education, Tutoring
