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Direct linkLee, Shawna J.; Altschul, Inna; Gershoff, Elizabeth T. – Developmental Psychology, 2013
This study examines whether maternal warmth moderates the association between maternal use of spanking and increased child aggression between ages 1 and 5. Participants were 3,279 pairs of mothers and their children from a cohort study of urban families from 20 U.S. cities. Maternal spanking was assessed when the child was 1 year, 3 years, and 5…
Descriptors: Punishment, Discipline, Aggression, Parenting Styles
Rafferty, Yvonne; Griffin, Kenneth W. – International Journal of Early Years Education, 2010
This study examines the overall quality of parenting behaviours among low-income mothers in the USA and the extent to which they are influenced by risk factors within the family environment, maternal well-being and maternal risk characteristics associated with socio-economic status. Participants consisted of 1070 low-income mothers of…
Descriptors: Mothers, Child Rearing, Parent Child Relationship, Parenting Styles
