The purpose of the 1990-91 Reading Recovery Program in the Columbus, Ohio public schools was to provide early intervention to underachieving first-grade pupils who appeared unlikely to read successfully without intensive instruction. The program featured individualized one-on-one lessons provided by specially trained teachers. The lessons were…

The Early Literacy Program in the Columbus, Ohio public schools provided early intervention to underachieving first- and second-grade pupils who appeared unlikely to read and write successfully without additional reading instruction. The program featured small group instruction for 40-45 minutes daily. During 1990-91, 65 teachers served 1477…