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Afraz, Shahram; Taghizade, Leila; Taghinezhad, Ali – International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 2018
Speaking is a crucial form of communication in language learning settings. Through speaking skill, ESL/EFL language learners can communicate and convey information. Pictorial aids have been deployed as efficacious mediatory tools in teaching various disciplines such as language teaching. Still, to the best of the researchers' knowledge, a direct…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
Vazirabad, Aylar Fallah – International Education Studies, 2013
This study focused on five particular Communication Strategies (CSs) namely: Paraphrase, approximation, hesitation, reduction, borrowed words and invented, or anglicised. The aim was to investigate the link between the use of approvable and positive CS-types and the impact of ESL students' beliefs about CSs in a game-activity. It aims to promote…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Educational Games, Language Fluency, Second Language Instruction
Erfani, Shiva Seyed – English Language Teaching, 2012
One consequence of test use in the English-language teaching community is the negative washback of tests on teaching and learning. Test preparation courses are often seen as part of the more general issue of washback. IELTS and TOEFL iBT tests, focusing on communicative competence, are anticipated to have positive washback effect on how English is…
Descriptors: Language Tests, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Testing Problems

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