This study aimed to improve teacher education by integrating project-based learning (PBL) into English language instruction. A motivational-cognitive-reflective model was developed and implemented using a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, and observations involving preservice English teachers and faculty. The…

Motivational currents, a relatively new concept in the field of language learning, has contributed to understanding how long-term motivational energy can be sustained among learners. Despite such critical contribution, little is known on how one of its core elements called vision, a vivid image of one's future self, can be sustainable in such a…

An argument in academic writing is an essential element; it is used to convince readers that the writer's opinion or claim can be acceptable. However, this may be problematic for university students or new writers especially when writing in a language other than their first language such as Indonesians who take an international English writing…

The main aim of this article is to introduce the steps followed in designing effective teacher-appraisal forms to be completed by the students, and teacher-self-reflection forms to be completed by the teachers. After explaining the steps and the reasons behind taking them, we will report on the findings of the study we have conducted following the…