In Chapter Three, Marilyn Gillespie provides a summary of the research on writing instruction that has taken place over the last three decades. In her survey of writing research, she describes models of the writing process such as that developed by Flower and Hayes, who viewed writing as three cognitive writing processes: planning, text generation…

In 2000, 860,684 adults worldwide took 1 or more of the General Educational Development (GED) Tests, which was more than in any previous year except 1996. The number of adults completing the GED Test battery increased by 10% or more in eight U.S. jurisdictions and four Canadian jurisdictions. The volume of international testing increased by 85.7%.…

Since its establishment in 1996, the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy (NCSALL) has actively conducted and disseminated research to help build effective, cost- efficient adult education and literacy programs for adults who have low literacy and math skills, limited English skills, and/or no high school diploma. Funded as…