The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to test Goddard et al.'s (2004) theory of collective efficacy by relating collective efficacy of both certified and noncertified staff to Missouri public high school students' ACT Scores. Additionally, it could be beneficial for future educational leaders to gain insight into collective…

This mixed-methods study explored American College Test (ACT) composite scores and Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System (TVAAS) growth scores in connection with a student's race, socioeconomic status, and gender as well as perceived factors that promote or inhibit success on the ACT. Quantitative data were collected from existing TVAAS data for…

College-readiness testing has increased drastically over the last thirty years, with increases in the number of Scholastic Achievement Tests and American College Tests taken by students. The number of Advanced Placement tests has also reached an all-time high. With states using these college-readiness assessments as high-stakes exit tests and the…