Background/purpose. Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) development represents a critical challenge in biology higher education. While Project-Based Learning (PjBL) shows promise, empirical evidence remains fragmented across individual studies. This meta-analysis systematically synthesized evidence on PjBL effectiveness in developing HOTS among…

Background/purpose: The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in mobile learning, presents new opportunities for flexible, accessible education. In business education, especially marketing courses, integrating technology while cultivating essential 21st-century skills like critical thinking and collaboration remains challenging. This study…