Four guidelines that make tables more effective data displays are presented. The need for these guidelines and their application are illustrated with data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). A theoretical structure is presented to help develop test items to assess students' proficiency in extracting information from…

An extended marginal homogeneity model is introduced for the analysis of square contingency tables with the same ordinal row and column classifications. The model hypothesizes that the ratio in each column of table delta will exhibit an exponential function of the column. (SLD)