Due to recent pedagogical developments, colleges and universities have offered instructional modes in classrooms that diverged from the traditional in-person classroom model. One example was the flipped (or inverted) pedagogical model. We set out to investigate if the student experiences and outcomes were similar or different between flipped and…

Second language (L2) learning has largely occurred in the traditional lecture-based classroom setting. Studies show that the lecture format has an impact on student outcomes and perceptions of classroom learning. Negative impacts include insufficient time for reinforcement activities, reviewing lecture materials, and engaging in conversation…