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Smith, Patriann; Cheema, Jehanzeb R.; Kumi-Yeboah, Alex; Warrican, S. Joel; Alleyne, Melissa L. – Teachers College Record, 2018
Background/Context: Standard English functions as a dominant language in the English-speaking Caribbean context despite the bidialectal, bilingual, and multilingual nature of countries. Notwithstanding, Caribbean non-Standard English-speaking students continue to be administered literacy assessments that do not take into account their…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Dialects, Language Dominance, Foreign Countries
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Lietz, Petra – Studies in Educational Evaluation, 2006
This study conducts a meta-analysis using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to address the questions of the extent of gender differences in reading, whether or not these differences apply similarly across English and non-English speaking countries and decrease with age. Female secondary students performed 0.19 standard deviation units above their…
Descriptors: Program Effectiveness, Language of Instruction, Reading Achievement, National Competency Tests