Over the past 15 years, we have seen an increase in the use of cluster randomized trials (CRTs) to test the efficacy of educational interventions. These studies are often designed with the goal of determining whether a program works, or answering the what works question. Recently, the goals of these studies expanded to include for whom and under…

This article discusses a dilemma that confronts reformers who seek to improve the education system yet operate from a position outside that system. On one hand, "external" reformers have found that the implementation of school-level programs is attenuated by a lack of coherence and support in schools' environment. Districts and states…

Many schools have adopted early-grade retention as an intervention strategy for children displaying academic or behavioral problems. Previous analyses of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Cohort data have found evidence of negative effects of kindergarten retention on academic learning during the repeated year. Will kindergarten…

The goals, methods, and long- and short-term effects of a comprehensive intervention project are described. Included is a discussion of the social policy implications, particularly that intervention programs should provide quality services and options responsive to the needs of the individuals. (Author/GK)

Evidence of the need and market for parent education is offered. Social reform and scientific understanding of parental childrearing are discussed, and the need for systematic study of parent education programs in advancing the quest for knowledge about the best environments for children's growth is argued. (Author/GK)

Examples are presented which highlight some problems associated with intervention programs for high-risk infants. These studies suggest a number of implications for social policy. Infant intervention will be continuously effective only if policymakers consult with not only program directors, but also clinicians, teachers, researchers and parents.…